{"id":30781,"date":"2019-11-18T19:34:29","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T16:34:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/?page_id=30781"},"modified":"2019-11-18T19:34:29","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T16:34:29","slug":"takim-celigi-genel-bilgi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/urunlerimiz\/takim-celigi-genel-bilgi\/","title":{"rendered":"TAKIM \u00c7EL\u0130\u011e\u0130 GENEL B\u0130LG\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Tak\u0131m\u0131n, i\u015fledi\u011fi malzemeden \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha sert, daha y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131mh ve a\u015f\u0131nmaya diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bundan dolay\u0131, tak\u0131m imali i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin birka\u00e7 ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kullan\u0131m yerlerinin ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olarak, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca y\u00fcksek sertlikte ve dayan\u0131mda, fakat yeterli s\u00fcneklilikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6zellikle ay\u0131rma i\u015fi yapan, form veren ve form de\u011fi\u015ftiren, darbe ya da \u00e7arpma tarz\u0131nda zorlanan tak\u0131mlarda, olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek sertlik, iyi a\u015f\u0131nma dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve bunlarla birlikte y\u00fcksek s\u00fcneklilik ile eri\u015filebilen en y\u00fcksek sertlikte k\u0131r\u0131lmaya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik istenir.<\/p>\n

Bir tak\u0131n\u0131m kullan\u0131m \u00f6zeliklerinin karakterize edilmesinde en \u00f6nemli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck, daha \u00e7ok Rockwell ya da Vickers y\u00f6ntemleriyle saptanan sertliktir. Y\u00fczeyde bask\u0131 eleman\u0131 izi istenmedi\u011finde, geri s\u0131\u00e7rama y\u00f6ntemiyle de sertlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. \u00c7ok sert ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan malzemelerde, Knoop sertlik \u00f6l\u00e7me y\u00f6ntemi de kullan\u0131labilir. Her ne kadar, \u00e7ekme deneyi ile tesbit edilen elastiklik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ya da 0,2 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131, kopma uzamas\u0131 ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme de\u011ferleri, tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in olan malzemelerde de dayan\u0131m ve \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015febilirli\u011fi de\u011ferlendirmede kriter olarak al\u0131nabilirse de, tak\u0131m malzemelerinde k\u0131r\u0131lmaya kadar pek az plastik form de\u011fi\u015fmesi meydana geldi\u011finden, bunlar malzemenin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Mekanik \u00f6zeliklerin \u0131 daha iyi de\u011ferlendirilmesi, statik e\u011fme deneyi ile saptanan 0,1 e\u011fme s\u0131n\u0131n, e\u011fme dayan\u0131m\u0131 ile elastik ve plastik form de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015finin tesbitiyle yap\u0131labilir. Torsiyon (burulma) ve darbeli torsiyon deneyi de, tak\u0131m malzemelerinin pratikteki ko\u015fullara uygun olarak denenmesinde kullan\u0131labilir. Her ne kadar tak\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn, k\u0131r\u0131lma tehlikesinden ayr\u0131larak tesbit edilmesi yap\u0131l\u0131rsa da, s\u00fcneklilik ve k\u0131r\u0131lma direnci i\u00e7in kantitatif de\u011fer saptanmas\u0131 problem yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, akma s\u0131n\u0131n ve e\u011fmede k\u0131r\u0131lma dayan\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, k\u0131rmaya kadar sarfedilen i\u015f esas\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00fcneklili\u011fin saptanmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, kalitatif olarak s\u00fcneklilik kademeleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131lgan : D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dayan\u0131mda, az plastik \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015fi
\nS\u00fcnek yumu\u015fak : D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dayan\u0131mda, y\u00fcksek plastik \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015fi
\nS\u00fcneksert : Y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131mda, y\u00fcksek plastik \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015fi<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek sertlikteki malzemenin s\u00fcneklik durumunun tesbiti, bug\u00fcne kadar daha \u00e7ok, \u00e7entiksiz ve \u00e7entikli numunelerde, darbeli e\u011fme ve statik e\u011fme deneyi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131r\u0131lma mekani\u011finin geh^tirilmesiyle, k\u0131r\u0131lma toklu\u011fu baz\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00fcnekliii\u011fin karakterize edilmesi i\u00e7in yeni olanaklar,\u2019 nisbeten k\u0131r\u0131lgan tak\u0131m malzemeleri i\u00e7in de verilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece, -s\u00eeabil olmayan \u00e7atlak geni\u015flemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda diren\u00e7 olarak bu malzeme karakteristi\u011finin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131-, a\u015f\u0131nma ko\u015fullar\u0131yla da ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flayabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ay\u0131rma tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6mr\u00fc, birinci planda tak\u0131m ve malzeme aras\u0131ndaki kontakt yerinde a\u015f\u0131nma olay\u0131yla belirlenir. Tala\u015fl\u0131 i\u015fleme esnas\u0131nda 1000 \u00b0C \u2018nin \u00fczerine kadar s\u0131cakl\u0131klar do\u011fabilece\u011finden, mekanik zorlamalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda termik zorlamalar da a\u015f\u0131nma mekanizmas\u0131nda etkili olur. B\u00f6ylece, termik dayan\u0131m m azalmas\u0131 ve kesilme maddeciklerin\u0130n kopmas\u0131y\u0130a birlikte geli\u015fen yap\u0131\u015fma sonucu mikroskobik adhezyon a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00e7atlak te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc olaylar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Kesme kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n yuvarlanmas\u0131 tarz\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kesici kenar a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, dana \u00e7ok ala\u015f\u0131ms\u0131z ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7eliklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Geni\u015fli\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015fareti \u201cB\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan a\u015f\u0131nma y\u00fczeyinin olu\u015fumu, serbest y\u00fczey a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak karakterize edilir. Nadiren, tala\u015f y\u00fczeyi \u00fczerinde tala\u015f y\u00fczeyi a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen, a\u015f\u0131nma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu a\u015f\u0131nma formu, \u00f6zellikle h\u0131z \u00e7eliklerinden ve sert metallerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tak\u0131mlarda, oyuk a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 (kraterle\u015fme \u2013 oyuk\u00e7ukla\u015fma) tarz\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kesmenin yan\u0131nda, kesme s\u00fcresinin devam\u0131yla derinle\u015fen ve kesme kenar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kayan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fcz kraterler olu\u015fur ve bu durum h\u0131zla tahribata ve k\u00f6rlenmeye neden olur.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131nma tan\u0131mlama b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak, serbest y\u00fczey \u00fczerindeki oyuk derinli\u011fi ve oyuk ekseninin kesme kenar\u0131na olan mesafesi (\u015eekil 155) \u00f6nemlidir. Bunun tesbiti i\u00e7in, tala\u015fl\u0131 \u015feki\u00eelenebilir\u00fck testi gereklidir. Bu ama\u00e7la, kesme s\u00fcresi veya kesme yoluna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015faret geni\u015fli\u011fi B \u2018nin tesbit edildi\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma karakteristi\u011fi deneyi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kabul edilebilir a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015faret geni\u015fli\u011fi, malzemeye, tak\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fidine ve ekonomik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131sma ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, i\u015fletme prosesi esnas\u0131nda direkt a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesiyle, tala\u015fl\u0131\u2019 \u015fekillendirme y\u00f6nteminin optimizasyonu yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Malzemede form verme veya form de\u011fi\u015ftirme yapan tak\u0131mlardan, abrasif a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130yi bir diren\u00e7 istenmesinin yan\u0131nda, yeterli s\u00fcneklilikte y\u00fcksek bir dayan\u0131m da beklenilir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta \u015fekillendirme i\u00e7in s\u0131cak i\u015f tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar hem mekanik zorlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 ve hem de termik zorlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 koymak zorundad\u0131rlar. \u0130yi bir s\u0131cakta sertlik ve s\u0131cakta dayan\u0131m d\u0131\u015fmda, oksidasyon sonucu meydana gelen tumlla\u015fmaya dayan\u0131m ile yanma ve s\u0131cakta \u00e7atlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 hassasiyetle ifade edilen, yeterli d\u00fczeyde termik dayan\u0131ma sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. E\u011fer tak\u0131m, pres d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131b\u0131 ve d\u00f6vme kal\u0131b\u0131 gibi, periyodik i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmelerine maruz kal\u0131yorsa, yanma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcl edebilir. Is\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzeme ile direkt temas eden tak\u0131m y\u00fczeyi, saniyenin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde aniden \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r ve genle\u015fir. Tak\u0131m malzemesinin i\u00e7lerindeki daha so\u011fuk tabakalar\u0131n daha az genle\u015fmesinden dolay\u0131, basma gerilmeleri te\u015fekk\u00fcl eder, m\u00fcteakip so\u011fumada da \u00e7ekme gerilmesi te\u015fekk\u00fcl ederek ters durum olur. Bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan elastik-plastik \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirmeler sonucunda, a\u011f formunda y\u00fczey \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 meydana gelir (atrisyon ile a\u015f\u0131nma). Yanma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 yan\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle derin oyuklu tak\u0131mlarda kesit de\u011fi\u015fmelerinde ve i\u00e7 kenarlarda, tak\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7ine de n\u00fcfuz eden, s\u0131cakta \u00e7atlamalar meydana gelir. \u015eok \u0131s\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131m olarak da ifade edilen \u00e7atlamaya hassasiyet i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, \u00e7entik darbe dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u0131cakta akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yan\u0131nda, malzemenin \u0131s\u0131 iletme kabiliyeti ve genle\u015fme katsay\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015fletme ko\u015fullar\u0131 altmda tak\u0131m tutumunun tahmini i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman mekanik titre\u015fim ya da s\u0131cakl\u0131k etkisiyle uzun s\u00fcre devam eden zorlamalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle durumlarda, malzemenin s\u00fcrekli titre\u015fim dayan\u0131m\u0131 veya zaman s\u00fcrekli dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 yoluna gidilir.<\/p>\n

Kal\u0131pta kesme ve \u00f6l\u00e7me tak\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu olay, hem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanan, \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem esnasmda \u0131s\u0131l gerilmelerle form de\u011fi\u015fmesi ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm olaylar\u0131yla hacim de\u011fi\u015fmesi sonucu \u00f6nlenemeyen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmelerini v* hem de kurala uygun yap\u0131lmayan \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flemde olu\u015fan ve d\u00fczeltilemeyen form de\u011fi\u015fmelerini kapsar. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmeleri, \u00e7ok kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak incelenebilir ve ala\u015f\u0131m miktar\u0131na, \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem teknolojisine ve tak\u0131m form ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tak\u0131m ya da i\u015f \u00e7eliklerinin ergitme, ala\u015f\u0131mlama ve \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem teknolojisinin geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fmesi ve bununla \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 isteklerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, olduk\u00e7a fazla \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak, \u00e7elikler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tarzda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n

Ala\u015f\u0131ms\u0131z tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri
\nAla\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 so\u011fuk i\u015f \u00e7elikleri
\nS\u0131cak i\u015f \u00e7elikleri
\nH\u0131z \u00e7elikleri<\/p>\n

Konstr\u00fcks\u0130yon ve tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri aras\u0131nda, kimyasal bile\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ayn\u0131 miktarda krom i\u00e7eren bir \u00e7elik, hem rulmanl\u0131 yatak (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 9.6.\u0130.) ve hem de so\u011fuk hadde tak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Di\u011fer taraftan, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5.6\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131klanan sementasyon \u00e7elikleri, y\u00fcksek polimerlerin i\u015flenmesinde kullan\u0131lan tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli malzemedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7eliklerin yan\u0131nda ilave olarak, d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f sert ala\u015f\u0131mlar, sinterlenmi\u015f sert metaller ve oksit seramikler, sert d\u00f6k\u00fcm, elmas (diamant) ve sentetik sert maddeler de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Demir olmayan metaller ve ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, ancak \u00f6zel yerlerde kullan\u0131labilir : \u00d6rne\u011fin, nikel esasl\u0131 s\u0131cak kesme b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve enjeksiyon d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131b\u0131, Cu-Be ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m yapmayan takmalar gibi.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak t\u00fcm i\u015fleme y\u00f6ntemleri i\u00e7in tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, malzemelerin tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretimleri ve i\u015flenebilirlikleri de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, 4.B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u2019de belirtilen \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem bilgilerine ilave olarak, tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan ek bilgiler de verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

ERG\u0130TME ve \u015eEK\u0130L VERME
\nTak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri, prensip olarak asal \u00e7elik olarak ve daha \u00e7ok da bazik ark fir\u0131nlannda \u00fcretilirler. \u0130yi bir kalite i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli yakla\u015f\u0131m, az miktarda Cr, Ni ve Cu i\u00e7eren temiz hurda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ergitmenin, vakum altmda, elektron bombard\u0131manl\u0131 \u00e7ok kamaral\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nda (EMO) ve c\u00fcruf altmda ergitme (ESU) tarz\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksek kaliteli tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi \u00fcretimi de yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. EMO y\u00f6nteminde kaHtenin iyile\u015ftirilmesi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7ta ve su ile so\u011futulan kristaliz\u00f6rde kat\u0131la\u015fma ile sa\u011flan\u0131rken, ESU y\u00f6nteminde i\u00e7inden \u00e7eli\u011fin damlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 reaksiyon kabiliyetli c\u00fcrufun rafinasyonu ile ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tarzda \u00fcretilen u\u00eetra ar\u0131 (UA) \u00e7eliklerin yap\u0131s\u0131, bo\u015fluksuz, kabarc\u0131ks\u0131z, g\u00f6zeneksiz ve \u00e7ekirdek \u00e7ekmes\u00eez durumdad\u0131r ve pek az \u00e7\u00f6kelme e\u011filimi nedeniyle, daha iyi kimyasal homojenlik g\u00f6sterirler. Bu \u015fekilde elde edilen iyi \u00e7ekirdek \u00f6zelikleri, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in yarar sa\u011flar. Ultra an \u00e7eliklerin bir di\u011fer \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz miktar. \u00b1r B\u00f6ylece, EMO y\u00f6nteminde oksijen miktar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k % 70 ve azot miktar\u0131 % 30 il\u00e2 50 de\u011ferlerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00f6lsrca. k\u00fck\u00fcrt miktar\u0131n\u0131n da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle birlikte, metalik olmayan ba\u011flant\u0131 miktar\u0131 \u00e7ok azalt\u0131l\u0131r ve bur.u^.i mikroskobik ar\u0131kl\u0131k derecesinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fme sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, vakum altmda tekrar ersr^ii yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u0131cakta \u015fekillenebilirli\u011fi ve s\u0131cakta s\u00fcneklili\u011fi azaltan Pb, Bi, Sb ve As gibi, kolay u\u00e7abilecek elementler de \u00e7elikten tam olarak uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. U\u00eetra ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7eliklerden tak\u0131m \u0130malat\u0131 i\u015fleminde parlat\u0131labilirlik (y\u00fcksek polimer malzemelerin \u00fcretimi ve so\u011fuk haddeleme tak\u0131mlar\u0131), iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u015f\u0131nma dayan\u0131m\u0131 (y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f s\u0131cakta a\u015f\u0131nma dayan\u0131m\u0131) ve y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f s\u0131cakta s\u00fcneklilik (azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yanni\u00ee es: U~ tehlikesi), b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Ultra an \u00e7eliklerden imal edilen tak\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc, tak\u0131m cinsi ve j.srr ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarzda \u00fcretilen \u00e7eliklere nazaran % 20 il\u00e2 100 kadar daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek sertlikteki malzemenin s\u00fcneki\u00fcik durumunun tesbiti, bug\u00fcne kadar daha \u00e7ok, \u00e7entiksiz ve \u00e7entikli numunelerde, darbeli e\u011fme ve statik e\u011fme deneyi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131r\u0131lma mekani\u011finin geh^tirilmesiyle, k\u0131r\u0131lma toklu\u011fu Kje (Bkz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 7.2.3.) baz\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00fcnekliii\u011fin karakterize edilmesi i\u00e7in yeni olanaklar,\u2019 nisbeten k\u0131r\u0131lgan tak\u0131m malzemeleri i\u00e7in de verilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece, -s\u00eeabil olmayan \u00e7atlak geni\u015flemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda diren\u00e7 olarak bu malzeme karakteristi\u011finin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131-, a\u015f\u0131nma ko\u015fullar\u0131yla da ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flayabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

I SiS y\u00f6nteminin ilave bir geli\u015fimi ile kristal ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de engellenmi\u015f ve \u00e7eliklere izotropik \u00eezeiik kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek faz str\u00fckt\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011flanmas\u0131 sonucu, haddeleme do\u011frultusuna dik y\u00f6nde y\u00fckselen .-haklilik, kopma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u0130yile\u015ftirir ve \u00e7ok eksenli gerilim durumlar\u0131nda \u00e7entik hassasiyetini azalt\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re \u00fcretilen so\u011fuk i\u015f ve s\u0131cak i\u015f tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri, iki il\u00e2 \u00fc\u00e7 kat kadar daha y\u00fcksek \u00f6mre sahiptir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fct\u00fckler d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, haddeleme ya da d\u00f6vme ile tekrar i\u015flenirler. Y\u00fcksek karbonlu \u00e7eliklerde sementit a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fabilece\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klara siyah k\u0131r\u0131lma meydana gelebilece\u011finden dolay\u0131, s\u0131cak \u015fekillendirme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tam do\u011fru olarak korunmas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir.
\n\u00c7elik d\u00f6k\u00fcm veya hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcmle \u00fcretilen malzemeler, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcretilen tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in ekonomik olabilece\u011finden, ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak tercih edilirler. \u00c7elik d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, tak\u0131m\u0131n s\u0131cakta dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131nma direnci y\u00fckselir ve mekanik \u00f6zeliklerde daha iyi izotropi sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ay\u0131rma tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6mr\u00fc, birinci planda tak\u0131m ve malzeme aras\u0131ndaki kontakt yerinde a\u015f\u0131nma olay\u0131yla belirlenir. Tala\u015fl\u0131 i\u015fleme esnas\u0131nda 1000 \u00b0C \u2018nin \u00fczerine kadar s\u0131cakl\u0131klar do\u011fabilece\u011finden, mekanik zorlamalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda termik zorlamalar da a\u015f\u0131nma mekanizmas\u0131nda etkili olur. B\u00f6ylece, termik dayan\u0131m m azalmas\u0131 ve kesilme maddeciklerin\u0130n kopmas\u0131y\u0130a birlikte geli\u015fen yap\u0131\u015fma sonucu mikroskobik adhezyon a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00e7atlak te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc olaylar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Torna kalemi i\u00e7in karakteristik a\u015f\u0131nma g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri, \u015eekil 154\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kesme kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n yuvarlanmas\u0131 tarz\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kesici kenar a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, dana \u00e7ok ala\u015f\u0131ms\u0131z ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7eliklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Geni\u015fli\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015fareti \u201cB\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan a\u015f\u0131nma y\u00fczeyinin olu\u015fumu, serbest y\u00fczey a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak karakterize edilir. Nadiren, tala\u015f y\u00fczeyi \u00fczerinde tala\u015f y\u00fczeyi a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen, a\u015f\u0131nma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu a\u015f\u0131nma formu, \u00f6zellikle h\u0131z \u00e7eliklerinden ve sert metallerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tak\u0131mlarda, oyuk a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 (kraterle\u015fme \u2013 oyuk\u00e7ukla\u015fma) tarz\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kesmenin yan\u0131nda, kesme s\u00fcresinin devam\u0131yla derinle\u015fen ve kesme kenar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kayan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fcz kraterler olu\u015fur ve bu durum h\u0131zla tahribata ve k\u00f6rlenmeye neden olur.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131nma tan\u0131mlama b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak, serbest y\u00fczey \u00fczerindeki oyuk derinli\u011fi ve oyuk ekseninin kesme kenar\u0131na olan mesafesi (\u015eekil 155) \u00f6nemlidir. Bunun tesbiti i\u00e7in, tala\u015fl\u0131 \u015feki\u00eelenebilir\u00fck testi gereklidir. Bu ama\u00e7la, kesme s\u00fcresi veya kesme yoluna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015faret geni\u015fli\u011fi B \u2018nin tesbit edildi\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma karakteristi\u011fi deneyi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kabul edilebilir a\u015f\u0131nma i\u015faret geni\u015fli\u011fi, malzemeye, tak\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fidine ve ekonomik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131sma ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, i\u015fletme prosesi esnas\u0131nda direkt a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesiyle, tala\u015fl\u0131\u2019 \u015fekillendirme y\u00f6nteminin optimizasyonu yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

ALA\u015eIM ELEMENTLER\u0130N\u0130N ETK\u0130S\u0130
\nAla\u015f\u0131m elementi ilavesiyle, tak\u0131m \u00e7eliklerinin \u00f6zelikleri \u00e7ok katl\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Ya demir kafesinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen ya da \u00f6zel karb\u00fcr te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7in kat\u0131lan ala\u015f\u0131m elemanlar\u0131, sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi, menevi\u015f dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, sertli\u011fi, dayan\u0131m\u0131, s\u00fcneklili\u011fi ve a\u015f\u0131nma direncini farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirirler. \u00d6nemli ala\u015f\u0131m elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n herbirinin tak\u0131m \u00e7eliklerindeki \u00f6zel etkisi, \u00f6zet olarak \u015f\u00f6yledir :<\/p>\n

Karbon : Ani so\u011futma sertle\u015fmesiyle, ala\u015f\u0131msrz \u00e7eliklerde 1 il\u00e2 4 mm sertle\u015fme derinli\u011fine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. % I karbonun \u00fczerinde, ula\u015f\u0131labilecek en y\u00fcksek sertlik sabittir, fakat artan karb\u00fcr miktar\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131nma direnci giderek y\u00fckselir.<\/p>\n

Mangan : D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesinden dolay\u0131, sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kesitlerde sertle\u015febilMik sa\u011flar. Ancak, tane kabala\u015fmas\u0131 da yapar ve menevi\u015f k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olur. Darbe ve basma zorlamalar\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131nma direncini artt\u0131racak \u015fekilde, so\u011fuk sertle\u015fme e\u011filimi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Silisyum ; Oks\u0130dasyona kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131m\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda karbon azalmas\u0131 (dekarb\u00fcrize) e\u011filimi de artar.
\nElastiklik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131m y\u00fckseltmesinden dolay\u0131, silisyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler iyi yaylanma \u00f6zelik\u00fc tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131cak \u0130\u015f tak\u0131m \u00e7eliklerinde, % 1 S\u0130 miktar\u0131yla, yap\u0131\u015fma e\u011filimi azalt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Krom : Kritik so\u011fuma h\u0131z\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr ve b\u00f6ylece sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zel karb\u00fcrler te\u015fekk\u00fcl ettirdi\u011finden, a\u015f\u0131nma direncini, so\u011fu\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. Tak\u0131m \u00e7eliklerinde, en \u00f6nemli ala\u015f\u0131m elementlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

Volfram : Tane \u0130nceltici olarak etki eder, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 hassasiyeti azalt\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131nma direncini, s\u0131cakta dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve menevi\u015f dayan\u0131m\u0131n.}, iyile\u015ftiren \u00f6zel sert karb\u00fcrler meydana getirir. K\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u0131s\u0131 iletme kabiliyetini azaltmas\u0131 ve bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flemde \u00e7atlak te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc e\u011filimini artt\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Molibden : Menevi\u015f k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na mani olur ve kuvvetli karb\u00fcr yap\u0131c\u0131 olarak sertli\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma direncini ve menevi\u015f dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vanadyum : Zor \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilen karb\u00fcrler te\u015fekk\u00fcl ettirmesi sonucu, y\u00fcksek ostenitle\u015ftirme s\u0131cakl\u0131klarmda tane b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini engeller ve a\u015f\u0131nma direncim artt\u0131r\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131, y\u00fcksek vanadyum miktarlar\u0131nda tak\u0131m\u0131n parlat\u0131labilirli\u011fi k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Kobalt: Karb\u00fcr te\u015fkil edici elementlerin ostenitte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme kabiliyetlerini artt\u0131r\u0131r ve ayr\u0131ca s\u0131cakta dayan\u0131m\u0131, s\u0131cakta sertli\u011fi, menevi\u015f dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131s\u0131 iletme kabiliyetini y\u00fckseltir.<\/p>\n

Nikel: Sertle\u015fme derinli\u011fini iyile\u015ftirir ve taneyi inceltir. Nikel ilavesi, darbe ve \u00e7arpma zorlamalar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tak\u0131mlarda s\u00fcneklili\u011fi artt\u0131rmas\u0131 bak\u0131mmdan, \u00f6zel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Malzemede form verme veya form de\u011fi\u015ftirme yapan tak\u0131mlardan, abrasif a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130yi bir diren\u00e7 istenmesinin yan\u0131nda, yeterli s\u00fcneklilikte y\u00fcksek bir dayan\u0131m da beklenilir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta \u015fekillendirme i\u00e7in s\u0131cak i\u015f tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar hem mekanik zorlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 ve hem de termik zorlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 koymak zorundad\u0131rlar. \u0130yi bir s\u0131cakta sertlik ve s\u0131cakta dayan\u0131m d\u0131\u015fmda, oksidasyon sonucu meydana gelen tumlla\u015fmaya dayan\u0131m ile yanma ve s\u0131cakta \u00e7atlamaya kar\u015f\u0131 hassasiyetle ifade edilen, yeterli d\u00fczeyde termik dayan\u0131ma sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. E\u011fer tak\u0131m, pres d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131b\u0131 ve d\u00f6vme kal\u0131b\u0131 gibi, periyodik i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmelerine maruz kal\u0131yorsa, yanma \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcl edebilir. Is\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzeme ile direkt temas eden tak\u0131m y\u00fczeyi, saniyenin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde aniden \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r ve genle\u015fir. Tak\u0131m malzemesinin i\u00e7lerindeki daha so\u011fuk tabakalar\u0131n daha az genle\u015fmesinden dolay\u0131, basma gerilmeleri te\u015fekk\u00fcl eder, m\u00fcteakip so\u011fumada da \u00e7ekme gerilmesi te\u015fekk\u00fcl ederek ters durum olur.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Tak\u0131m\u0131n, i\u015fledi\u011fi malzemeden \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha sert, daha y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131mh ve a\u015f\u0131nmaya diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bundan dolay\u0131, tak\u0131m imali i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin birka\u00e7 ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kullan\u0131m yerlerinin ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olarak, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca y\u00fcksek sertlikte ve dayan\u0131mda, fakat yeterli s\u00fcneklilikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6zellikle ay\u0131rma i\u015fi yapan, form veren ve form de\u011fi\u015ftiren, darbe ya da \u00e7arpma tarz\u0131nda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":30767,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-30781","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30781"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30782,"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30781\/revisions\/30782"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tokcelik.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}